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Table. 1.

Types of scaffolding used by preservice physics teachers.

Category Subcategory Types Frequency
Cognitive aspect relating learning topics asking open question 4
recalling 3
helping intuitive understanding demonstration 4
giving examples 2
showing real things 2
clarifying students' speech reconstructing 2
summarizing 4
narrowing concepts providing explanation 5
reducing degrees of freedom giving hints 4
identifying important characteristics 3
clarifying students' thoughts asking for clarification 6
asking in-depth questions 1
checking the meaning 3
maintaining the direction of student activities guiding activities 3
encouraging intercation 4
keeping focus 1
personalized guidance 4
checking students' understanding passive affirmation of understanding 3
asking a simplified question 4
Emotional aspect respecting students' emotions showing warmth and responsiveness 6
praising 5
listening 4
inducing interest/motivation inducing interest 3
sharing curiosity 1
using humor 3
giving meaning to learning 5
New Phys.: Sae Mulli 2023;73:449~464 https://doi.org/10.3938/NPSM.73.449
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