ICAP framework (Chi & Wylie[17]).
| Passive | Active | Constructive | Interactive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Examples of external activities | Listening to the teacher's explanation | Taking verbatim notes | Expressing what one has learned in one's own words | Defending and arguing a position in dyads or small group |
| Knowledge change processes | Store: new information is stored in an isolated way | Integrate: new information in integrated with activated prior knowledge | Infer: new knowledge is inferred from activated and integrated knowledge | Co-Infer: Each student iteratively infers knowledge with new inputs from conversational peer(s) |
| Expected knowledge changes | New knowledge is stored in isolation. | Existing schema is more complete & strengthened. | Inferences create new knowledge Existing schema become more enriched. | New knowledge can be created based on interaction with peers. |
| Expected cognitive outcomes | Recall | Apply | Transfer | Co-create |