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Table. 1.

Top 20 most relevant terms and token ratios for each topic.


Topic Number Topic Name Top 20 Most Relevant Terms Ratio of Tokens
Topic 1 TPACK-Based Knowledge of Science Teachers teachers, tpack, knowledge, science, technology, study, content, pedagogical, technological, preservice, teaching, digital, data, use, learning, results, development, chemistry, students, research 77.3%
Topic 2 Assessment of ICT Proficiency and Teacher Professional Competence teachers, ict, proficiency, teaching, level, tpackp, study, tpack, analysis, development, levels, use, scale, professional, test, questionnaire, science, knowledge, teacher, technology 8.8%
Topic 3 Integration of Technology and Self-Efficacy in Science Teaching teaching, study, chemistry, technology, learning, science, knowledge, teachers, attitudes, medical, content, using, selfefficacy, online, levels, technological, pedagogical, tpack, results, integration 7.2%
Topic 4 Professional Development for STEM and Interdisciplinary Communication teachers, learning, teacher, teaching, study, science, stem, fluency, epistemic, knowledge, professional, interdisciplinary, development, online, analysis, tpack, multimodal, tpek, communication, factor 6.7%
New Phys.: Sae Mulli 2025;75:74~86 https://doi.org/10.3938/NPSM.75.74
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